Rights and freedoms of foreigners in Spain

Los derechos y libertades de las personas extranjeras en España deben interpretarse de conformidad con la Constitución Española, los tratados internacionales en materia de derechos humanos y la Ley Orgánica 4/2000. Con carácter general, el ejercicio de estos derechos no depende de la situación administrativa, salvo cuando la propia ley lo establezca de forma expresa.

Las Administraciones públicas tienen la obligación de garantizar el ejercicio efectivo de estos derechos, evitando prácticas restrictivas, requisitos desproporcionados o interpretaciones que vacíen su contenido. En caso de duda, las normas deben interpretarse en el sentido más favorable al ejercicio del derecho, especialmente cuando afectan a personas o colectivos en situación de vulnerabilidad.

Rights of aliens and interpretation of the rules (Article 3):

1. Foreigners shall enjoy in Spain the rights and freedoms recognized in Title I of the Constitution in the terms established in international treaties, in this Law and in those that regulate the exercise of each of them. As a general interpretative criterion, it will be understood that foreigners exercise the rights recognized by this Law on an equal basis with Spaniards.

2. The norms relating to the fundamental rights of foreigners shall be interpreted in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with international treaties and agreements on the same matters in force in Spain, without the profession of religious beliefs or ideological or cultural convictions of a different sign being invoked to justify the performance of acts or conduct contrary to them.

Right to be documented (Article 4):

‘All foreigners have the right and the duty to keep documents proving their identity and their situation in Spain. Likewise, foreigners may not be deprived of their documentation outside the cases provided for by law.

Foreigners who have been issued a visa or authorization to stay in Spain for more than 6 months, will obtain the identity card of a foreigner, requested personally within one month from the entry or granting of the authorization. Holders of a residence and seasonal work visa shall be exempt from the above.’

La retirada o retención de documentación solo puede producirse en los supuestos expresamente previstos por la ley y con las garantías del procedimiento administrativo. La falta de documentación no puede justificar por sí sola la negación de otros derechos reconocidos en la Ley de Extranjería.

Right of free movement (Article 5):

Foreigners who are duly authorized to be in Spain in accordance with the provisions of Title II of the Aliens Act, shall have the right to move freely through Spanish territory and choose their residence. The limitations shall be those established by treaties and laws, or those agreed by judicial authority, as a precautionary measure or in criminal or extradition proceedings in which the alien has the status of accused, victim or witness, or as a result of a final judgment.

However, specific limits may be established where this is agreed in the declaration of exception or site. They may also be established, exceptionally, for reasons of public security, individually, reasoned and complying with the criterion of proportionality, by decision of the Minister of the Interior and adopted in accordance with the legal guarantees of the sanctioning procedure provided for by law. These limiting measures may not last longer than necessary to alleviate the circumstances that justified them and may consist of regular presentation to the competent authorities and the removal of borders or population centers specifically specified.

Las limitaciones a la libre circulación deben ser exceptional, individualizadas y motivadas, y respetar en todo caso el principio de proporcionalidad. No pueden utilizarse de forma genérica ni automática por razones administrativas.

Right to vote and public participation (Article 6):

Foreigners residing in Spain may hold the right to vote in municipal elections, according to the terms established in the Constitution, in international treaties and, where appropriate, in the law. If they are registered in a municipality, they will have all the rights established for this purpose in the legislation of bases of local regime and may be heard for matters that affect them according to the regulations.

The municipalities must include in the register foreigners who have their usual domicile in the municipality and will keep the information related to them updated. The public authorities have the obligation to facilitate the exercise of suffrage by foreigners in the democratic electoral processes of their countries of origin.

La participación en la vida pública local constituye un elemento relevante de integración social. Las Administraciones deben facilitar el ejercicio efectivo de estos derechos y promover mecanismos de participación de la población extranjera en los asuntos que les afecten.

Right to education (Article 9):

Foreigners under the age of sixteen shall have the right (and duty) to education. This includes access to basic, free and compulsory education. Persons under the age of eighteen shall also be entitled to post-compulsory education.

This right includes obtaining the corresponding academic title and the possibility of accessing the public system of scholarships and grants under the same conditions as Spaniards. If the age of eighteen years is reached during the school year, the right will be maintained until its completion. Those over eighteen years of age shall have the right to education in accordance with the provisions of educational legislation.

The public authorities shall promote the education of foreigners for their better social integration.

Foreigners residing in Spain who are responsible for minors of compulsory schooling age must prove schooling with a report issued by the competent regional authorities, within the applications for renewal of their authorization or in the application for long-term residence.

El acceso a la educación obligatoria no puede condicionarse a la situación administrativa, al empadronamiento, a la posesión de NIE o a la presentación de determinada documentación. La falta de estos requisitos no puede justificar la no escolarización de menores.

La obligación de garantizar la escolarización corresponde también a las Administraciones públicas, que deben adoptar las medidas necesarias para asegurar el acceso efectivo al sistema educativo en condiciones de igualdad y no discriminación.

Right to work and social security (Article 10):

Provided that they meet the requirements set out in the LOEX and in the provisions implementing it, resident aliens shall have the right to engage in gainful activity in an employed or self-employed capacity, as well as access to the social security system.

They will also be able to access public employment as provided for in the Royal Legislative Decree 5/2015 of 30 October 2015, approving the recast text of the Law on Basic Statute of Public Employees.

El ejercicio del derecho al trabajo está vinculado a la obtención de la correspondiente autorización administrativa, pero el acceso a los derechos derivados de la relación laboral (incluso cuando ésta se da en situación irregular y/o sin alta en Seguridad Social o contrato) y a la protección de la Seguridad Social debe interpretarse conforme a los principios de igualdad y protección del trabajador.

Right to health care (Article 12):

Foreigners have the right to health care under the terms of current health legislation. It is understood under this RD Law that they must be holders of a residence permit (or have the health care documents corresponding to foreign persons in an irregular administrative situation or applicants for international protection, as appropriate). In any case, they have the right to health care:

• Foreigners under the age of 18 who are in Spain are entitled to health care under the same conditions as Spaniards.

• Pregnant foreigners in Spain are entitled to health care during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.

El derecho a la asistencia sanitaria básica se reconoce con independencia de la situación administrativa, en los términos previstos en la normativa sanitaria vigente. La atención a menores y a mujeres embarazadas tiene carácter prioritario y no puede verse limitada por razones administrativas.

Housing rights (Article 13):

Resident foreigners have the right to access public housing assistance systems under the terms established by law and the competent administrations. In any case, long-term resident foreigners are entitled to such aid under the same conditions as Spaniards.

El acceso a ayudas públicas en materia de vivienda debe garantizarse conforme a los principios de igualdad y no discriminación. La exclusión de estos sistemas solo puede producirse cuando exista una previsión legal expresa y justificada.

Right to Social Security and Social Services (Article 14):

Resident foreigners have the right to access Social Security benefits and services under the same conditions as Spaniards.

Resident foreigners are entitled to services and social benefits, both general and basic and specific, under the same conditions as Spaniards. Foreigners with disabilities, under 18 years of age, who have their habitual domicile in Spain, shall be entitled to receive the treatment, services and special care required by their physical or mental state. Foreigners, regardless of their administrative status or immigration status, are entitled to basic social services and benefits. In any case, long-term resident foreigners are entitled to such aid under the same conditions as Spaniards.

Los servicios sociales básicos constituyen una red esencial de protección y deben garantizarse a todas las personas, con independencia de su situación administrativa. Estos servicios actúan como puerta de entrada a otros derechos fundamentales y a recursos de protección social.

La denegación de acceso a los servicios sociales básicos puede suponer una vulneración de derechos fundamentales, especialmente cuando afecta a menores, personas con discapacidad o personas en situación de especial vulnerabilidad.