Employment
In Spain, the National Employment System consists of two main bodies:
- State Public Employment Service (SEPE).
- Public Employment Services of the different autonomous communities.
State Public Employment Service (SEPE)
El Servicio Público de Empleo Estatal (SEPE) es un organismo, adscrito al Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social, que tiene atribuidas diversas funciones, como gestionar las prestaciones por desempleo, coordinar la red territorial o desarrollar medidas y acciones para el empleo.
However, the implementation of all the employment programmes and measures prepared by SEPE must be adapted to the different territorial realities of the different autonomous communities, through its Public Employment Services.
Functions:
- Process and pay:
- Contributory unemployment benefits.
- Unemployment benefits.
- Active Insertion Income (RAI).
- Agricultural unemployment allowance and agricultural income (Andalusia and Extremadura).
- Extraordinary unemployment allowance (SED).
- Process and pay the accumulated payment of unemployment benefit: Accumulated and advance payment of the contributory benefit for return to the country of origin (APRE).
- Registration in job vacancies and facilitating the search for job vacancies and the inclusion of curriculum vitae to promote territorial mobility, through the Single Employment Portal, "Empléate" and the EURES Network (Network of European Employment Services).
- Issue certificates of receipt of benefits.
- Obtaining the CL@VE registration for identification and electronic signature in procedures with the Administration in the offices of benefits of the SEPE, Provincial Directorates and Central Services.
- Telephone support for the management of electronic services.
- Process and pay the accumulated payment of unemployment benefit: capitalisation (or one-off payment) for the promotion of self-employment.
- Registration in the Register of the National Youth Guarantee System.
- Telephone Information and Support Service.
Structure:
SEPE is composed of:
- Central Services
- A territorial network composed of:
- Seventeen Territorial Coordinations.Fifty-two Provincial Directorates.
- A wide network of Benefits Offices, distributed throughout the fifty provinces, Ceuta and Melilla.
Regional Public Employment Services
The Public Employment Services of the autonomous communities are bodies or entities that are responsible for employment programs and labor intermediation assigned to them by their respective administrations.
Functions:
They are competent to perform the following functions (among others):
- On-the-job training.
- Work orientation.
- Intermediation between supply and demand for employment.
- Care for unemployed/occupied people and companies.
The various employment and training programmes promoted and coordinated by SEPE are mostly managed through the Autonomous Communities.
However, the ideal is that you locate the corresponding office, within your autonomous community, to request the information personally, or visit the electronic headquarters.
Structure:
Each public employment service of each autonomous community, according to its capacity for self-organization and its different territorial needs, will be equipped with the necessary organs and structure, to provide the best service to the citizen.
Tipos de despido, indemnizaciones y plazos
La legislación laboral distingue varios tipos de despido, cada uno con un régimen específico de indemnización (arts. 51 a 56 ET):
- Despido objetivo: por causas económicas, técnicas, organizativas o de producción, o por ineptitud sobrevenida. Indemnización: 20 días de salario por año trabajado, con un máximo de 12 mensualidades.
- Despido disciplinario: por incumplimiento grave y culpable. No conlleva indemnización, salvo que se declare improcedente.
- Despido improcedente: cuando no se acreditan las causas alegadas o no se cumplen las formalidades legales. Indemnización: 33 días por año trabajado con un máximo de 24 mensualidades (45 días/año para la antigüedad anterior al 12/02/2012).
- Despido colectivo (ERE): requiere un procedimiento de consultas y comunicación a la autoridad laboral. Indemnización equivalente a la del despido objetivo.
Desde abril de 2025, la Ley Orgánica 1/2025 permite solicitar la extinción judicial del contrato con indemnización equivalente al despido improcedente en casos de impago o retrasos salariales reiterados.
The Comité Europeo de Derechos Sociales ha cuestionado que los límites actuales de indemnización puedan no ser suficientemente disuasorios, instando a una reforma para garantizar una compensación adecuada conforme a la European Social Charter.
Tras analizar las distintas modalidades de despido y las indemnizaciones que pueden derivarse de cada una, resulta imprescindible atender al plazo y a las reglas de cómputo para su impugnación. El trabajador dispone de 20 días hábiles para reclamar contra el despido, contados desde el día siguiente a aquel en que se produzca. Se trata de un plazo de caducidad, de modo que, una vez transcurrido, el derecho a impugnar desaparece. En el cómputo únicamente se incluyen los días hábiles, quedando excluidos sábados, domingos y festivos de carácter nacional, autonómico o local de la sede del órgano judicial competente. No se excluyen, en cambio, los festivos de la localidad del trabajador, los días con dificultades prácticas en la tramitación procesal (como una huelga), ni tampoco el mes de agosto ni el periodo comprendido entre el 24 de diciembre y el 6 de enero, salvo en lo que coincidan con días inhábiles. Conviene diferenciar este régimen del que rige para las reclamaciones de carácter económico derivadas del contrato de trabajo, que no están sujetas a caducidad, sino al plazo de prescripción de un año previsto en el artículo 59.1 del Estatuto de los Trabajadores.
List of core resources
Sepe
- Offices: It has an extensive network of face-to-face offices distributed throughout the 50 provinces of the Spanish State and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla. (Locate your nearest office.)
- A telephone service for citizens (060). Calls to 060 are not included in the flat rates of the operators, so they can be an added cost.
- A telephone service to request a Prior Appointment (91 926 79 70).
- Electronic headquarters (https://sede.sepe.gob.es) the following procedures can be carried out:
Autonomous Employment Services in each Autonomous Community
- Andalusia Andalusian Employment Service (SAE).
- Aragon Aragonese Institute of Employment (INAEM).
- Asturias Trabajastur.
- Canaries Canary Islands Employment Service.
- Cantabria Cantabrian Employment Service.
- Castile-La Mancha Sepecam.
- Castile and Leon Public Employment Service of Castile and Leon.
- Catalonia Servei Públic d’Ocupació de Catalunya.
- Ceuta Public Employment Service in Ceuta.
- Madrid Employment Portal of the Community of Madrid.
- Valencian Community LABORA (formerly SERVEF).
- Extremadura SEXPE.
- Galicia Public Employment Service of Galicia.
- Balearic Islands SOIB.
- La Rioja Riojan Employment Service.
- Melilla Public Employment Service in Melilla.
- Navarra Navarrese Employment Service.
- Basque Country Basque Employment Service (Lanbide).
- Murcia Regional Employment and Training Service.
Legislation
- Royal Legislative Decree 3/2015, of 23 October, approving the recast text of the Employment Act.
- Law 3/2023, of 28 February, on Employment.
- Royal Decree 1383/2008 of 1 August 2008 approving the organisational structure and institutional participation of the State Public Employment Service.
Documentation
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